What You Need to Know About the Black Death

When historians refer to The Black Death, they mean the specific outbreak of plague that took place in Europe in the mid-14th century. It was not the first time plague had come to Europe, nor would it be the last. A deadly epidemic known as the Sixth-Century Plague  or Justinians plague  struck Constantinople and parts of southern Europe 800 years earlier, but it did not spread as far as the Black Death, nor did it take nearly as many lives. The Black Death came to Europe in October of 1347, spread swiftly through most of Europe by the end of 1349 and on to Scandinavia and Russia in the 1350s. It returned several times throughout the rest of the century. The Black Death was also known as  The Black Plague, the Great Mortality, and the Pestilence. The Disease Traditionally, the disease that most scholars believe struck Europe was Plague. Best known as the bubonic plague for the buboes (lumps) that formed on the victims bodies, Plague also took pneumonic and septicemic forms. Other diseases have been postulated by scientists, and some scholars believe that there was a pandemic of several diseases, but currently, the theory of Plague (in all its varieties) still holds among most historians.​ Where the Black Death Started Thus far, no one has been able to identify the point of origin of the Black Death with any precision.  It started somewhere in Asia, possibly in China, possibly at Lake Issyk-Kul in central Asia. How the Black Death Spread Through these methods of contagion, the Black Death spread via trade routes  from Asia to Italy, and thence throughout Europe: Bubonic Plague was spread by the fleas who lived on plague-infected rats, and such rats were ubiquitous on trading ships.Pneumonic Plague could spread with a sneeze and jump from person to person with terrifying speed.Septicemic Plague spread through contact with open sores. Death Tolls It is estimated that approximately 20 million people died in Europe from the Black Death. This is about one-third of the population. Many cities lost more than 40% of their residents, Paris lost half, and Venice, Hamburg, and Bremen are estimated to have lost at least 60% of their populations. Contemporary Beliefs About the Plague In the Middle Ages, the most common assumption was that God was punishing mankind for its sins. There were also those who believed in demonic dogs, and in Scandinavia, the superstition of the Pest Maiden was popular. Some people accused the Jews of poisoning wells; the result was horrific persecution of Jews that the papacy was hard-put to stop. Scholars attempted a more scientific view, but they were hampered by the fact that the microscope wouldnt be invented for several centuries. The University  of Paris conducted a study, the Paris Consilium, which, after serious investigation, ascribed the plague to a combination of earthquakes and astrological forces. How People Reacted to the Black Death Fear and hysteria were the most common reactions. People fled the cities in panic, abandoning their families. Noble acts by doctors and priests were overshadowed by those who refused to treat their patients or give last rites to plague victims. Convinced the end was near, some sank into wild debauchery; others prayed for salvation. Flagellants went from one town to another, parading through the streets and whipping themselves to demonstrate their penitence. Effects of the Black Death on Europe Social Effects The marriage rate rose sharply—in part due to predatory men marrying rich orphans and widows.The birth rate also rose, though recurrences of the plague kept population levels reduced.There were notable increases in violence and debauchery.Upward mobility took place on a small scale. Economic Effects A surplus of goods resulted in overspending; it was swiftly followed by a shortage of goods and inflation.A shortage of laborers meant they were able to charge higher prices; the government tried to limit these fees to pre-plague rates. Effects on the Church The Church lost many people, but the institution became richer through bequests. It also grew richer by charging more money for its services, such as saying mass for the dead.Less-educated priests were shuffled into jobs where more learned men had died.The failure of the clergy to help the suffering during the plague, combined with its obvious wealth and the incompetence of its priests, caused resentment among the people. Critics grew vocal, and the seeds of the Reformation were sown.

Essay on The Many Forms of Art - 1146 Words

Throughout the cultural history of man, objects have been created to entertain, record, confront, enrich, clarify, communicate, reveal, to order and disorder, with or without a purpose. Yet the definition of what is art is obscure, we are able to recognise for ourselves but not express concisely what art is. Art has ‘a complicated network of overlapping series of similarities’ (Law, 2003) however there is not one feature that all art has in common. The classification of Art does not fit into the classic logic argument where to be defined as art the object must have a stated characteristic, as in the manner of classifying a dog, computer, house or boat. A dog is a dog because it has some but not all of the characteristics of A, B,†¦show more content†¦Without being able to speak with the animal artists it is difficult to determine what they are seeking to express, and whether their work is intended to communicate something to us or other animals, whether it is a self rewarding activity, or aesthetically motivated, (The Museum of Non-Primate Art, (MONPA), 1999). A characteristic of art is it’s nonconformity to a definable formula. Law (2003, p100) defines art in two parts, firstly as an artifact or something that has been worked on and secondly as something that has been nominated with the status of ‘art work’ by the ‘art world’ – the artist, curator, or ’expert,’ but art may be art without being identified by the institution classified as the ‘art world.’ The art world’s opinion of what is art is dynamic and may change over time, an artist may create without believing their work to be art, for that object to later be determined to be art. The ‘qualifying conditions of what makes a work of art may change from time to time in an unsystematic way’ (Brooks, 2008, p96). Craft is not art, craft pertains to the making of decorative or practical objects with skill by hand, craft may be artistic in creation. There exists a difference between art and a work of art, a work of art is able to beShow MoreRelatedMusic is one of many forms of art. 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Japanese Occupation Affect Nationalism in Indonesia Free Essays

string(108) " Indonesians had been given officer training by the Dutch, and they were always under the Dutch commanders\." Assess the impact of the Japanese Occupation on nationalism in Indonesia â€Å"Nationalism† is generally defined as the increasing desire in people to determine their identity, existence and destiny for themselves. For the Netherland Indies, nationalism movement can be traced back to around 1900, which finally led and gave rise to a new nation, Indonesia. Nonetheless, it is important to acknowledge that nationalism movement existed prior to the Japanese occupation and therefore should not be consider a turning point that altered the entire landscape of nationalist movement in Indonesia. We will write a custom essay sample on Japanese Occupation Affect Nationalism in Indonesia or any similar topic only for you Order Now In addition, the Japanese’s brutality and cruelty could have potentially hindered the progress of nationalism, as they were primary driven by their self-interest in war efforts. This paper will attempt to argue how the Japanese Occupation acts as a catalyst that sped up nationalist movement led by pre-war nationalist leaders in Indonesia, eventually paving the way for its independence. In the initial stage of the occupation, the Japanese was determined to exploit the resources and not make any political concessions to Indonesian nationalism. The first attempt at such mass propaganda without major Indonesian nationalist leaders turned out to be a comprehensive failure. From its launch in March 1942, the Triple A movement that consist of the slogan that Japan as the leader of Asia, the protector of Asia, and the light of Asia, did not gather much support from the local. In general, the Triple A movement did not achieve its objective as few Indonesian Nationalist leaders were involved and the propaganda was too heavy-handed even in those days of early occupation for the locals to take it seriously. Therefore, it was only because the Japanese needed the help of the locals to aid war efforts that led them to give political concessions to nationalist leaders. Having failed to get anywhere by making no concession to nationalism and with increasing new doubts among the Japanese about the outcome of the war, the Putera — Centre of People’s Power (Pusat Tenaga Rakjat) was formed in March 1943. The Japanese selected nationalist leaders who had been imprisoned or ignored by the Dutch. They were resigned to the fact if they were to rally the masses of Java, the Japanese would have to use the leading figures of pre-war nationalist movement such as Sukarno and Hatta. The Japanese implementation of a simplified Malay language, Bahasa Indonesia, to replace the 250 languages and dialects used in the Netherland Indies it became the main lingua franca which significant in fostering a common national identityWhen they first took control of Indonesia, the Japanese decided to ban the use of Dutch language with immediate effect. Throughout the country, the locals started to see themselves as true modern nations rather than a mixture of rival religions, languages, cultures and races. This greatly galvanise nationalist effort, as it was easier to reach out to masses comparer to before under the Dutch rule. Under the Japanese Occupation, political boards were formed and nationalism was encouraged by the new regime as the Japanese mobilized the whole population for the war effort. The Japanese utilized Sukarno, along with the other nationalists, in order to unite the Japanese and Indonesian causes. While the Japanese military authorities were wary of giving Indonesians too much license, they recognize that they could not maintain their position by force alone. Hence, The Japanese give positions of responsibility to nationalist leaders like Sukarno and Hatta who had previously been imprisoned by the Dutch, and afforded the nationalist movement new scope for development (Vickers, 2005). Even though the original intention behind this move was to achieve Japanese war aims, such opportunity was never allowed under the Dutch Colonial rule. Therefore, Sukarno who was enlisted by the Japanese to help them govern the country seized every opportunity to educate the masses and indoctrinate nationalist consciousness into the masses. Sukarno was a crucial figure that contributed to the rise of nationalism in Indonesia. His eloquence at political rallies was instrumental in spreading the message of freedom across a diverse Indonesia, galvanizing them to set aside their differences to united and oppose against their colonial masters. This can be reinforced by the account of Hideo Fujiyama, who decided to desert the Japanese Army and remain in Indonesia to fight along side the nationalist army. He was primary motivated by Sukarno as he recalled the reason that inspired him to make the decision was listening to Sukarno’s speech at a mass rally on September 19th, 1945 in Jakarta. He described Sukarno’s speech to be â€Å"so energetic and impressive† which resulted to him â€Å"being moved† and led him to join Indonesia nationalist movement military. Therefore, the Japanese Occupation gave Sukarno the platform to reach out to the masses as his eloquence and inflammatory speeches managed to convince them to participate in his nationalist movements. The Japanese administration gave nationalist’s opportunities to become involved in government in ways that they had never known before under the Dutch rule. These opportunities include the access to experience and connections, which were later proved to be highly effective. In particular, nationalist usually came to control many propaganda activities mounted by Japan, including publication and circulation of newspapers such as Sumatra Sinbu (Sumatra News), radio broadcasts, mass instructions, films and meetings. Under the networking and communication capacities offered by such propaganda bodies as BOMPA (Bodan Oentoek Membantu Pertahanan Asia- Bureau to Assist in the Defence of Asia) in East Sumatra, nationalists were able to develop and spread popular understanding of the idea of Indonesia through the layers of indigenous society. For the first time in decades, the masses, and not just alienated urban activists and intellectuals became continually engaged in political activity and thus, accelerated the fervor of nationalism throughout the country. The Japanese Military also help set up the formation of volunteer army, PETA (Pembela Tanah Air- Defenders of the Homeland) and provided the large number of officers and soldiers with military trainings and weapons. Few Indonesians had been given officer training by the Dutch, and they were always under the Dutch commanders. You read "Japanese Occupation Affect Nationalism in Indonesia" in category "Papers" This military training was instrumental to nationalist movement as it allowed them to be better equipped in the battle with the colonial masters between 1946-1949 when the latter tried to return and reassert their authority. It was not only the military training in PETA, but also the specific ideological training in the institute which emphasis on discipline and loyalty to country that awakened the national consciousness of the young men who enlisted into the volunteer army. Nonetheless, it is important to acknowledge that the Japanese who set up PETA had their own interest in mind as they were planning to use PETA for costal defence against allied troops. They knew the limitations of PETA, and understood that they were not able to withstand a full-scale allied onslaught. Therefore, PETA was used to delay the enemy’s advance by deploying along the coastline and obstructing an allied landing or harassing the rear wherever the allied troops might come, thus allowing time for the Japanese army to retreat. For that reason, PETA soldiers were distributed throughout the island and were requested to remain in respective region, where they had intimate knowledge of the terrain. At the end of the war in 1959, the Indonesian government had as many as 500,000-armed fighters at its disposal. Therefore, PETA greatly strengthened nationalism efforts and represented potentially the most effective legacy of the Japanese period in both ideological and structural terms. This paved the way for the formation of the nationalist army after the Japanese Occupation to fight against the returning Dutch colonial master. However it is also important to acknowledge that the Japanese Occupation had detrimental effect on nationalism in Indonesia even though they allow political concession for nationalist leaders to reach out to the masses. As the Japanese were primary driven by self-interest, they were not willing to compromise war efforts in order to accommodate nationalist movements. This can be seen in their brutality towards locals, the deliberate fragmentation of Indonesia into three divisions and the Romushua program of forced labour. By splitting Indonesia into three jurisdictions to be controlled by different divisions of Japanese military forces, nationalism in Indonesia was greatly disjointed. The three divisions consist of Java who was controlled by the 16th Army, Sumatra under the 25th Army and the rest under the 2nd Southern fleet. These became various political units with tight Japanese control together with separate administration. The notion was to ensure that any nationalist aspiration from Java to the outer islands was strongly discouraged. As a result, political activities tumbled to an all time low as from March 1942, all political activities were disallowed and all existing associations were thus dissolved. This resulted to breaking the unifying development of Batavia as Indonesia’s centre, which the Netherlands had emplaced over the years and thus compromising the idea of Indonesia as a single nation. The Romusha program was a mandatory forced labour implemented by the Japanese to aid them in their war efforts. This initiative destroyed stability and order within Indonesia and greatly hampered nationalist movements. The Romusha normally consists of peasants from the poorer region of Central Java. They were forced by various means to contract themselves to work on military construction projects. Many of them were sent away from their homes such as Sumatra, and even away from their countries to Brunei, Siam and eastern islands. The Japanese often treated them with extreme brutality and cruelty. Even after the war, only a small handful out of the estimated 500,000 who were mobilized to work outside their hometown managed to return back home. Amongst these people were ordinary Javanese like Sarmann Praptowidjojo, who were forced to slave on the Burma railway. Originally from Surakarta, he had been a railway worker in Surabaya before being sent to Singapore and then on to Thailand to work on the railway, where he witnessed the destruction of the bridge on River Kwai. He and his fellow Javanese worker saw those around them dying initially at the rate of three a day, den five, then ten. Even though Savramn survived, he joining the thousands who did not return to Java after the war, preferring to marry and live in Bangkok. The Romusha program hinder the progress of nationalism movement as almost every echelon of the Indonesia social class was forced to comply by the Japanese to assume responsibility for the program such as organizing recruitment at village level, by propagandizing at higher levels, or simply by doing nothing to obstruct the program. Village chef and district officers in charge of running the program compounded its effect by designating the Romusha service in rural society they dislike or fear. Despite the political concessions given to nationalist leaders, the Japanese treated the locals with great brutality. Apart from the Romusha program, there was a botched biological warfare experiment in 1944 carried out by the Japanese. Between 5000 to 10,000 men from a group of Romushua forced labourers held on the outskirts of Jakarta, awaiting shipment outside Java, died writhing in agony from injection of tetanus. Japanese scientist had prepared the lethal vaccines to see what their effects would be. This further reinforces the idea of Japanese brutality and cruelty towards the local. Therefore, we see how Romusha’s domino effect on the masses greatly hampered nationalist movement in Indonesia. Even though the Japanese provided military training and platforms for nationalist leaders to reach out to the masses, it is too sweeping to label the occupation ‘a turning point’ in the history of nationalism in Indonesia. This is the fact that nationalism movement such as the Indonesian Nation Party (PNI) existed way before World War II, and Japanese occupation merely provided nationalist leader a platform to reach out to the masses and this in turn strengthened the nationalist movements. Nationalist sentiments were already common in the 1930s despite the Dutch colonial master clamping down hard on nationalist leaders. A key moment which highlights the growth of nationalist consciousness came in 1928, when the the All Indonesian Youth Congress proclaimed its pledge, establishing goals of one national identity (Indoneisan), one country (Indonesia) and one language (Bahasa Indonesia). The emergence of Indonesian Nation Party (PNI), led by the young and rising Sukarno was rapidly becoming one of the most powerful nationalist organization (Vaisutis, 2007). PNI brought all non-communist nationalist groups under its umbrella to unify them as one. Nonetheless, there were limitations on nationalist movement prior to the Japanese Occupation. First, the emphasis on unity for the sake of the struggle meant that almost no attention was devoted to discipline, creative and accommodative thinking about the form and content of the free Indonesian state which nationalist leaders wished to create. Second, the over-emphasis on unity, together with the fiercely competitive and highly personalized world of elite Indonesian politics, effectively meant that no serious efforts were made to build bridges and create political compromises. Thirdly, political leaders of the 1930s used strikes and revolutionary language to challenge Dutch rule but they did not have strong enough organizational vehicle to spread their actions. Once there was a problem in their individual nationalist group, there was no longer a sense that one was able to move in and out of various groups and body. People had to give their exclusive loyalties as members of parties. The consequence of this was a splintering of the nationalist effort. Nonetheless, the Dutch recognizes the potential influence and threat to their authority and subsequently jailed Sukarno in 1930. Therefore, we see how nationalism existed way before Japanese occupation, and nationalist leaders eventually seized the opportunity under the Japanese Occupation to spread nationalism throughout the country. In conclusion, this paper argues that Japanese Occupation acts as a catalyst that sped up nationalist movement led by pre-war nationalist leaders such as Sukarno that eventually paving the way for its independence. Prior to the Japanese Occupation, there was subsequent number of problems that hindered nationalist efforts as political parties were full of conflicts and disunited. In addition, the Dutch clamped down hard on radical leaders and would imprisoned or exile them from Indonesia. Therefore, it was due to the Japanese occupation that provided a platform for nationalist leaders to reach out to the masses. In addition, the Japanese provided political concessions and military training which were instrumental in later years with the Dutch. However, it is too myopic to label the Japanese Occupation as a turning point in the history of Indonesia’s nationalism. This is due to the fact that nationalism was already active with the formation of the PNI and other nationalist groups. Also, the Japanese Occupation had the potential to greatly hamper nationalist efforts with own self-interest if not for Sukarno skilful manipulation and eloquence that steer the masses towards his nationalist cause. Thus, this paper will reinforce the stand that Japanese Occupation act as a catalyst toward nationalism in Indonesia. How to cite Japanese Occupation Affect Nationalism in Indonesia, Papers

Lgbt Diversity And Lgbt Community Essay Example For Students

Lgbt Diversity And Lgbt Community Essay Community is a broad term, but it would be best described as a â€Å"feeling of companionship with others, as a result of sharing common attitudes, interests, and goals.† The LGBT Community is the joining of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people and their supporters, with the purpose of celebrating individuality, sexuality, and diversity. In addition, the LGBT community actively fights for equal rights and calls for an end to sexual-orientation based discrimination. The LGBT Community is made up of people from all races, socio-economic, religious and non-religious, and age backgrounds. The LGBT community supports all three assumptions, and also somewhat challenge assumptions two three. Although the LGBT community is accepting of types of people, many people in the world today still disagree with LGBT beliefs. Violence and discrimination is something the LGBT community, especially transgender women of color, must face on a daily basis. LGBT rights organizations and support groups make up a major portion of what the LGBT community can offer its members. According to Catherine Latterell, the author of Remix, Assumption 1 is that communities provide stability. It is evident that LGBT community undoubtedly supports this statement. Organizations like the Trevor Project and GLAAD work to â€Å"amplify the voice of the LGBT community by empowering real people to share their stories. † (GLAAD) According to the Trevor Project, lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth are 4 times more likely, and questioning youth are 3 times more likely, to attempt suicide as their straight peers. It is estimated by the Suicide Prevention Resource Center that between 30 and 40% of LGBT youth have attempted suicide. The organizations mentioned, amongst many other. .selves around people with similar ideologies, without the feeling of judgment or discrimination. The LGBT community offers numerous outlets to find help and support for people within the community who may be experiencing crisis, whether it be physically, mentally, or emotionally. All three assumptions can be supported by the LGBT community, while assumption two and three can be challenged from a different perspective. There is no doubt that the LGBT community has saved thousands of lives over the course of its history. Although society is slowing moving towards a more LGBT accepting world, we must still work together to ensure that people of any sexual-orientation or gender are being treated equally. This includes insuring that no LGBT person, regardless of their age, gender, religion, or race, are being discriminated against in society, the workplace, schools etc.

World Wide Web and Revenue free essay sample

Which region do most of the customers come from Do they contribute the biggest amount of revenue? The answer might tell managers where to focus marketing and sales resources, or pitch different messages to different regions -According to the data we can see the west is the biggest part of customers and amount by 41% with big different from south 23% , east 21% and north 15% so we should look to the lowest parts to see what is the gap of decreasing the percentage of customers and the amount of revenue otherwise , we have to keep going within our service in the west part because its the biggest part of customers and revenue What form of payment is the most common? The answer could be used to emphasize in advertising the most preferred means of payment. According to the data we can emphasize that PayPal is the most preferred to the customers than Credit payment so that we should give an attention to the PayPal payment and make is more easier and safety for our customers. We will write a custom essay sample on World Wide Web and Revenue or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Which source of advertisement appears to be more effective? Is it equally more efficient? What does this mean? Compare between which is the best for making the business much work and more purchasing I can make sure that web is more effective than email for business progress. Otherwise ,email can be a away for the business to commentate with the customers because according to some researches showed that not all the people whom are having email going to check up their inbox every day, compare to the web that is because customers feel looking for purchase from web is more faster to them and easier ,but for whom using email have to open their account and click the link to access the web more than that some websites are blocked by email so when you try to move by clicking in the link the web will reject your order .  In addition ,in web customers can feel the freedom to move from page to another easier and faster may be some people they don’t give care for these things but some give it care. Now days, the advertisement for any business can be with many social sites such as facebook ,twitter and linked almost everyone has one of these social sites so it can help to discover new webs and business markets ,For example I am a customer for Lazada since 2 years already but if you asked me how I got into lazada my answer will be by facebook I liked their post and page after that I can see all the promotion products everyday but if they sent to my email I will never know because I open my email every week times which is very small percentage for me to know the new things in many sites

Compensation System of State Farm Insurance

Compensation System of State Farm Insurance Every business organization has its own philosophy, which drives it towards big success. The same is true for insurance companies that offer different types of insurance covers. Usually, the founders of any organization architect the philosophy under which it will operate.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Compensation System of State Farm Insurance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The inception of State Farm Insurance Company dates back to 1922 when one farmer, George Mercherle opted to work as an insurance agent because his health conditions could not allow him to continue farming. He turned out to be one of the best sales representatives for an insurance company he was working with. However, at one point, Mercherle was not happy with the company’s insurance policy to farmers. According to him, the company oppresses farmers through low insurance rates and poor business practices. Farmers paid high pre miums despite the fact that they incurred less compensation incidents and drove less kilometers that those staying in urban areas. Over time, Mercherle recommended new policies that detailed new modalities of selling insurance to farmers and city folks. Nonetheless, the employers turned down the offer and instead, told him to go and start his own insurance company. Driven by desire to offer better insurance, Mercherle and other people with same views started State Farm Insurance Company. The policyholders became the owners of this automobile insurance company and in 1928, the company started to decentralize starting from an area office in Berkeley, California. By the year 2000, State Farm had grown into a great insurance empire with over 27 regional offices and 1000 service centers all over United States and Canada. (Rhonda, 2010, p.1). The philosophy of State Farm Insurance lies in offering insurance coverage at an affordable price in tandem with flaxen claim resolution. This philo sophy has been the driving gear of State Farm Insurance Company and today, with 76,500 workers and over 16,000 insuring agents, the company posses with 67 million policies and an asset base of US$ 25 billion-making it the biggest fiscal institution in United States. The current philosophy of â€Å"Good Neighbor† is a reckoning force behind State Farm success. This philosophy has remained vital in establishing different insurance covers at affordable price to consumers. For example, under home insurance cover, State Farm insurers all types of houses ranging from single homes to condominium leasing houses. Perhaps what State Farm ought to do is to insure letting houses against burglary, defacement or conflagration in line with the philosophy.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Where fire has destroyed houses, State Farm through their Good Neighbor philos ophy, should provide alternate accommodation while awaiting repair of destroyed property. However, through this philosophy, State Farm covers all expenses arising from such disasters. (State Farm Corporate Website, 2010, p.1). Most insurance companies offer general life insurance, which does not include health. However, State Farm offers general health insurance in addition to disability and long term care insurance coverage. The philosophy of Good Neighbor that is, offering affordable insurance to consumers has seen many American homeowners receive health care insurance at a time when they need medical services most. The introduction of long term care is so far one of the best insurance coverage targeting the old, persons with disabilities, and the injured. In the current global economic downturn, underprivileged people can access health care services or health care insurance premiums at a cheaper price thanks to â€Å"Good Neighbor† philosophy from State Farm. (Case Study: State Farm, 2010, pp. 1-5). As a mode of enhancing this philosophy, State Farm should target Young Adults aged between 18 and 25. This is because there are over 33 million uninsured persons in America falling in this age gap. With the philosophy, State Farm should provide insurance brands to students and young adults falling in this age gap in order to detach them from other insurance and make them independent. Additionally, since State Farm prefers business model (use of agents) rather than insurer model (use of call centers and internet), there is high probability that in the current information technology age, many persons falling in this age do not have an elusive insurance coverage. Business model has its advantages that include job creation among other things. However, the Good Neighbor philosophy of State Farm can reach young adults easily now that many of them are prone to internet than attending call centers. Many young adults perceive State Farm as conservative and one tha t clings to traditional ways of doing business. However, with the Good Neighbor philosophy, which targets all people the adoption of insurer model through call centers and internet, will see young adults seek insurance brands from State Farm. (State Farm Plans Book Ucla 2010, 2010. p.1). State Farm is a mutual insurance company belonging to many policyholders. The first capital of starting State Farm came from policy holders who until now remain owners. Although currently comprising of shareholders, the company does not pay form of dividends to shareholders. Instead, all dividends including profits and status belong to policyholders.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Compensation System of State Farm Insurance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is the reason why State Farm continues to expand as policyholders choose to use their financial earnings to expand the company. Additionally, the structure protects the company’s finances in that, even if share prices drop or shareholders stage demonstrations, the company will still move on smoothly as this appears no issue. Current statistics indicate that State Farm is the most successful insurance company in United States especially as car and home insurer. This is because of its Good Neighbor philosophy that includes affordability and ability to handle claims fairly and squarely. The mission statement of State Farm is to assist people to deal with arising risks, recuperate from misfortunes and attain their objectives. In order to exhibit good neighbor philosophy, State Farm embarks in market partnership with insurance consumers build on shared values such as financial empowerment, honesty, mutual trust and eminent insurance services. (Case Study: State Farm, 2010, pp. 8-10). Reference List Case Study: State Farm. (2010). Retrieved from http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:P_Z_aLyoxjkJ:jomc279.files.wordpress.com/2009 /08/casestudy_abbr.pdf+outline+the+current+compensation+philosophy+for+your+organization+StateFarm+Insurance+Companyhl=engl=ke Rhonda, C. (2010). State Farm Mutual Insurance Company. Retrieved from http://insurance.suite101.com/article.cfm/state-farm-mutual-insurance-company State Farm Corporate Website. State Farm Insurance Company. (2010). Retrieved from statefarm.com State Farm Plans Book Ucla 2010. (2010). Retrieved from slideshare.net/karlaliu/state-farm-plans-book-ucla-2010

Improvement Interpersonal Communication Research Proposal

Improvement Interpersonal Communication - Research Proposal Example In recent years, some researches have been done to know the importance of bedside nursing handovers on the health of patients but there exists the need to examine the benefits and challenges of bedside nursing handovers. This study proposes to (1) identify the benefits and challenges associated with bedside nursing handovers and finding ways to overcome the challenges (2) determine the impact of patients’ involvement in preparing handover for nurses. Previous researches have been unable to get an insight into the factors that affect the preparation of handovers. Moreover, there is also less emphasis on the importance of patients’ input in the provision of best medical care to patients. The goal will be to come up with some suggestions to make improvements in the bedside nursing handovers. Moreover, the study is also aimed to encourage people to join bedside nursing profession because of its influence on the well-being of whole society. Research Question The research que stion for this research will be: ‘what are the benefits and challenges in the right implementation of bedside nursing handovers and what can be done to overcome the associated challenges’. Significance of the Problem/Issue to Nursing and Midwifery The issue of bedside nursing handover is of considerable importance in the field of nursing and midwifery. Without handover, nurses cannot guarantee flawless and safe provision of medical care to patients because oncoming nurses require pertinent information to start doing their job properly. Similarly, bedside handover also ensures the ongoing confidentiality of the medical records of patients. In midwifery, the issue of handover becomes even more critical because pregnant women need... The results of the study will determine the impact of bedside nursing handovers on the treatment process of patients. The results will also help the researcher in knowing the challenges that new nursing professionals usually face in the presentation of nursing handovers. Moreover, the use of social websites will not only promote voluntary participation but also it will save time and money of the researcher. This report makes a conclusion that the reason for why bedside nursing handovers have been an issue of concern for a long time is related directly with the associated benefits if implemented properly and perceived negative outcomes if not presented with due care. The importance of studying the challenges that nurses usually face in bedside nursing handovers cannot be neglected in any case because they play the role of hurdles in the provision of best available care to patients. This is the reason why this research will mainly be focused on the difficulties that nurses face when they communicate with other healthcare professionals for handovers, as well as when they prepare the recommendations in accordance with the information available to them from treatment charts and plan of care. Prior researches have not been able to identify such challenges, as well as the programs that need to be implemented to overcome these challenges. The results of this research will be helpful in getting a detailed insight into the challenges which will help nursing professionals and medical institutes in dealing with the issue effectively.

Evidence-Based Practice among Hospital Nurses Term Paper

Evidence-Based Practice among Hospital Nurses - Term Paper Example In this light, the healthcare leader was categorical that the final decision arrived at must be premised on available data and the rightful conviction that the decision made will elicit the most optimal patient outcome. The healthcare leader was also very categorical that the foregoing differentiates EBP from research-based practice (RBP). This is the case since, unlike EBP; RBP is a scientific method which involves the collection and analyzing traditional practices that are sustained within standards of care.   The import of this is that in RBP, the care being advanced towards the patient has to have been identified as the most effective. This identification is normally carried out by comparing available research with and the established methods. The results available are thus to change the delivery of care, upon the changes having been deemed medically appropriate. Also, the changes that are being made must have been proven to have the capacity for improved outcome. During the in teraction with the healthcare leader, it became very palpable that he felt strongly about the topic. The strong conviction that the health care leader harbors are pegged on the belief that evidence-based research study will pave way for more efficient and productive services delivery in a medical institution and the healthcare sector in general. This is mainly because, according to him, an evidence-based research study is likely to herald certain values. Particularly, employing the use of evidence-based research studies in healthcare puts focus on health care and scientific literature. All this consideration of medical and scientific literature is underpinned by the need to improve: treatment modalities such as appropriate medical technology; safety and quality (including prevention of accidents, errors, and infections); and exercises (as a way of encouraging rehabilitation and exertion).

Narrative Structure In 'When I Whistle' By Shusaku Endo Essay

Narrative Structure In 'When I Whistle' By Shusaku Endo - Essay Example In When I Whistle, Shusaku Endo's narrative structure is apprehensive to draw a number of disturbing comparisons between period of war and contemporary Japan. Shusaku narrative structure is the inheritance of the war generation that explores the state of Japan that appeared from the destruction of World War II. This feature of the narrative structure is evident from the standard of living of Eiichi, the hardnosed young doctor of medicine of When I Whistle; unchanged by the disaster of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and incapable to see patients as anything but samples for own tests. Eiichi lengthens the imperialistic desire of prewar Japan by taking no notice of the past and worshipping the present. The accretion of substance belongings is the only source of meaning for the new generation. This striking thematic element of the narrative structure of the novel is made further powerful by its persistent medicinal and hospital imagery. This characteristic of Endo's narrative structure was the result of chronic heart and lung problems that plagued him all through the adult life.

Waste Materials In Construction Sites

Waste Materials In Construction Sites Malaysian construction industry still faces increasing in the generation of construction waste materials and for sure they face problems in the removal of this waste. In the last two decades, huge construction building and infrastructure development projects have led to raise the production of construction waste material. The construction waste has a significant impact on the environment, and its environmental effects are in direct relation to the quality and quantity of the waste it generates. (Begum RA, Siwar C, Pereira JJ, Jaafar AH) In Malaysia, The construction industry generates a lot of waste material that can be reused and recycled. Most of the waste materials go into landfill which is both direct cost to construction, and workers productivity and also has wider environmental implication. Moreover, Malaysia have little reliable statistic of construction and demolition that shows the rate of waste generation, type of waste, method of handling process of wastage, and the quantity of materials wastage minimized at source, reused or recycled on-site or off-site in a specific type of construction such as residential construction. (Haliza B.M 2010) According to (Hassan et al. 1998) which shows that on average, the generation of waste can be breakdown into 36.73% from household waste, 28.34% from industrial and construction waste while other sources (market and commercial waste, institutional waste, landscaping waste and street sweeping waste) account for the remaining 34.93% in the Central and Southern region of Malaysia as shown in Figure 1.1. This figure shows that the waste generated from construction plays a significant role in contributing to the disposed in the landfills. PROBLEM STATEMENT The construction fields produce huge amounts of waste by consuming natural resources (Poon, 2007). Waste in the construction industry includes such delays as time, cost, lack of safety, rework, unnecessary transportation journeys, long distances, improper choice or management of programme or equipments and poor constructability.(Lee. et al.,1999) Wastages affect not only on environment its also bring extra project costs to the contractors and developers. Many countries especially the developed countries have started to aggressively recycle the construction materials due to its many benefits. In Malaysia, there is a huge potential in recycling of construction waste and if implemented correctly; will only bring about a construction resurgence. (Wong X. W. 2010) It is then obvious that waste management should be implemented. Reducing, reusing and recycling appear to be profitable alternatives that will increase the lifetime of landfills and reduce exploration of natural resources. (Woolley, 2000) Most importantly, our environment will not face more deterioration. In addition to the environmental benefits in reducing the demand on land for disposing the waste, the recycling of construction wastes, can also help to conserve natural materials and to reduce the cost of waste treatment prior to disposal (Poon, 2002). Despite the efficiency and expertise of the builders in the use of the material there is an increase in the cost of disposal of demolition waste, which requires the need to develop an effective plan for waste management options using the reduction and recycling. Contractors, developers, architects and engineers should have knowledge about how to deal with construction waste materials by reducing, reusing and recycling. Also the governmental authority must play a role by introducing suitable legislation to implement the law and follow up on all offenders who do not follow the laws. With the expansion of urban areas, all relevant parties must make sure that waste materials are minimized and there is a full execution of recycling, waste materials to guide the construction industry in the right direction. (Mohd.N. 2010) OBJECTIVE OF RESEARCH To identify the types of waste materials in construction site To determine approach being use at construction site to reduce waste materials. To give recommendation on reduce, reuse, and recycle of construction waste materials. SCOPE OF STUDY The study covers area of Selangor at Malaysia. SIGNIFICANT OF STUDY Construction industry has an important impact on the environmental in term of unbalanced ecology, change of living environment, potential sewage, and depletion of natural resources, energy usage and production of waste. This study will generally talk about reduction materials wastage issues in construction field. Reduce the material wastage in construction is approved in applying reuse, recycling and reduce the building materials in construction activities. This thesis reviews the technology on construction waste recycling and their viability. CHAPTER II LITRATURE REVIEW INRODUCTION On this chapter, definition, classifications, advantages of reduce waste construction materials and reasons that lead to waste the materials. Investigate or study the related information about this case in from literature information will be definitely implemented in the Methodology. Literature reviews is very important in the research works and consider as foundation for any study which depend on the information of previous researches that has been carried out on the related subject. It provides further knowledge about the scope of research. DEFINITION Construction waste material can be defined as the difference between the value of materials delivered and accepted on site and those properly used as specified and accurately measured in the work, after deducting the cost saving of substituted materials transferred elsewhere, in which unnecessary cost and time may be incurred by materials wastage. Construction waste is any material where there holder has an intention to discard the material as no longer part of the normal commercial cycle or chain of utility. (Ferguson, 1995). According to The environmental protection Act 1990 (EPA 90) Section 75 defines waste as any materials which formalizes remains substances or streaming or other unnecessary surplus substance coming from the application of any process: and any material which involves to be disposed of as being damaged, run down, spoiled, or contaminated, but does not contain any material that is an explosive within the meaning of the explosives Act 1875; or Any substances that are unwanted and ignored or on other hand deal with as if the materials were waste shall be supposed to be waste unless the contrary is proved. (PING, OMRAN, PAKIR, 2009) The waste building materials, packaging, and rubble resulting from construction, remodelling, repair, and demolition operations on pavements, houses, commercial buildings, and other structures. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Waste is defined as the by-product generated and removed from construction, renovation and demolition workplaces or sites of building and civil engineering structure. (Cheung, 1993) Waste is defined as any material by-product of human and industry activity has no residual value. (Serpell and Alarcon, 1998) Construction materials wastage is unused materials (such as blocks, bricks, concrete, glass, plastics, steel, wood and soil generated by new building construction, renovation, or pulling down of existing construction. The World Book Dictionary defines waste as useless or worthless material; stuff to be thrown away. MAJOR TYPES OF WASTE MATERIALS According to the Environment Protection Department (EPD) (Chung, 2000) .The additional wastages require more time and extra resources for removal which might delay the building operations. The most important sources of construction material waste containing such as: 1. Concrete/cement. 2. Steel/reinforcement. 3. Brick/block. 4. Plastic/PVC 5. Glass 5. Timber/formwork. 6. Screw/bolt/nail. 7. Tile, ceramic tile 8. Non-ferrous metal aluminium CONCRETE Generally, the usage of concrete is mostly for substructure and superstructure of buildings wastage is largely caused from the mismatch between the amount of concrete required and that ordered from suppliers in the case of ready mix concrete supply. The service provider might not be familiar with the exact quantity due to improper management planning, leading to over-ordering. Wastage is also happened because the delays and needless waste handling processes. STEEL REINFORCEMENT As known steel bars are considered one of the most materials being used in construction site. Wastage of steel mainly resulted from cutting. Also wastage might be happen due to damages during storage and rusting. Pre-bending in the manufacturing works can eliminate cutting waste. TIMBER While timber is one of the main materials using for formwork wastage usually happen because the continuous or bad usage and as well as the over cutting. Timber usually dumped after use to do form work. Timber cannot resist termites and can easily break. So it is not suitable for long-term usage. Old timber also usually ends up in the trash and cannot be recycled. BRICK AND BLOCK Because the common usage of bricks and blocks in construction as walling and for partition. Wastage usually caused due to the improper cutting and careless of handling material. Improper handling might raise wastage of brick and blocks damage because of the breakable nature of the materials. Bricks remained on site without usage will end up in the trash skip in the end. PLASTIC/PVC Plastic wastage normally resulted from the cutting during piping work. Also plastic wastes happen due the inappropriate storage which throws it on site without considering its bad weakness and durability. PVC or plastic will melt if it direct contact with heat. Plastic also cannot resist chemical reactions. SCREW/BOLT/NAIL/ TILE The usage of those items usually being as connection. For sure they are used with large quantity which easily damaged due to the carelessness of the workers. Throwing screws or nails by workers lead to increase the wastage of them. Also wastage of tiles commonly happens during cutting. BENEFITS OF CONSTRUCTION WASTE REDUCTION Minimizing the total costs of the project throughout avoided removal costs, averted buying new materials, and revenue profit from materials sale due to reusing of materials onsite. Helps societies, construction companies, and construction owners comply with state and local policies, such as disposal bans and recycling goals. Promote general image of construction companies which minimize waste disposal. (Zhang, 2008) Reduce the environmental impact of the waste. Cleaner and safer construction site. Conserves space in existing landfills. Additional costs are avoided by diverting waste from landfills. CAUSES OF WASTE MATERIALS GENERATION According to Ekanayake who has discuss the causes of construction waste material he said that there are many factors lead to construction waste at site and he specified that the most important are ordered the common sources of construction waste under six categories: (1) design; (2) procurement; (3) handling of materials; (4) operation; (5) residual related; and (6) others. Furthermore those sources of waste materials probably happen during main phases of the project life cycle, (1) design, (2) operational, (3) material handling and, (4) procurement. (Ekanayake) Design Carelessness to dimension skills of some materials Design changes during construction progress. Lack of experience of designers and project managers in scheduling works. Lack of attention paid to standard sizes available on the market Designers familiarity with alternative products Complication of reading drawings details Lack of information in the drawings Errors in contract documents No completed contract documents at the beginning of project low quality materials selection Procurement Suppliers and workers errors Accidents coming from carelessness of labors Damage to work done caused by subsequent trades Use of wrong materials, which need replacement Failure to reach the required quantity before work from quantity surveyors. Late passing of information to responsible person on types and sizes of materials to be used Equipment broken and rainy weather Handling materials Damage happens due to the transportation process Unsuitable storage for materials caused damages to them Materials supplied in loose form Bad construction site layout where materials close to working place Misunderstanding between teamwork and workers Theft Operations Ordering errors Lack of possibilities to order small quantities Buy materials which can not be comply with specification CONSTRUCTION WASTE REDUCTION Construction Waste Reduction has been defined by the UK Environment Agency (1997) as reducing construction waste by protective measures (prevent, reduce at source, and reuse of wasted materials) and waste management measures (quality improvement, and recycling). Similarly, Envirowise (1998) defined Construction Waste Reduction as the process of systematic waste reduction at source, by preventing and reducing waste before its physical generation, and encouraging reuse, recycling and recovery. Therefore, according to (Riemer and Kristoffersen 1999) reducing waste materials is a process of avoidance, eliminate or decrease the waste on sources or allow reuse and recycling process of waste materials for such purposes in construction field. Waste reduction hierarchy has been addressing (reduce) as one of the highest main concern for decreasing the amounts of waste. The crucial objective of the strategy of waste reduction is to avoid or eliminate it from the outset, at the beginning stage phase of the project. (Andy, Andrew and Simon) Waste reduction is achieved through the application of a Waste Reduction Hierarchy which is applied from design through to disposal, as detailed below:- 1. Reduce. Avoidance of unnecessary consumption of materials at the concept and design stage of procurement; 2. Reuse. Reuse requires the design and utilization of re-useable containers and materials without subjecting the item to a manufacturing process that changes its original configuration and composition (e.g. reusable packaging and pallets for storage); 3. Recycle. Product recycling requires the raw material to be recovered and used to manufacture another product; 4. Disposal. Disposal of waste to landfill is the least acceptable form of waste management, and is to be regarded as the option of last resort. REDUCE In the past, waste reduction strategies have taken many forms, but the main purpose has remained the cornerstone of most waste reduction strategies which is to find out the maximum practical benefits from waste materials and to produce the minimum amount of waste. The understanding of what construction materials need to buy is the most first and important part in waste reduction, then monitoring materials usage, and after that find ways to avoidance, reduce, reuse, then recycle the wasted materials. A good strategy is to target the major component in the waste material stream, and put into practice the easy waste reduction steps first. Below are some ideas to help you identify waste reduction opportunities:- Buy pre-cut materials like foam boards and floor trusses to minimize waste. Re-utilize wasted substances like siding, inside trim, door, and framework for wood, hardwood floors, and bath fitting. Planning for usage 4 x 8 panels and standard timber lengths; plan to create functional usage of standard lengths of heating tube material, metal pipes, wiring, siding, and gutters. Find out new developed methods that can decrease and make usage of materials more economically and efficiently. Consult trade publication, construction companies, and local organizations for information on resource efficient building designs and techniques. Choose design which allow and give opportunity to dismantling all parts of the structure as an alternative choice instead of the demolition, which might save building materials for recover them to be useful source of materials for volunteer organizations. Work with famous designers, contractors, and suppliers those who have good characters in usage of resource-efficient design and building. Select to expand long period of new or existing buildings. Choosing the best quality, more durable substances extend the life of the building structure and giving easier remodelling, protection, or renovation. Usage of elegant design characteristics from architect and designers might be useful for minimization of building wastage and enhance the productivity due to the genius designation like multi-purpose rooms, encouraging smaller footprints, and choosing construction materials which friendly to environment and energy efficient. Construction companies also might use cutting and advanced framing techniques to minimize building wastage, this method may produce few waste, and holding over surplus to the next construction site or donating by them to the volunteer organization. REUSE Separation of the materials is the most important thing in reuse wasted materials also separation should be separated in good condition to keep materials durability. A majority of these materials are durable and therefore, have a high potential of reuse. It would, however, be desirable to have quality standards for the recycled materials. There are many materials might recovered from construction sites waste and they can be sold, donated, stored for later use, or reused on the current project. Some materials are convenient for reuse such as doors, cabinets, windows, carpet, brick, light fixtures, ceiling and floor tiles, wood, HVAC equipment, and decorative items (including fireplaces and stonework). Construction waste can be used in the following manner: Reuse on site of blocks, stone slabs, timber, piping railings etc. Sale material that cant used again on site through design restraint or design changes. Recycle materials such as plastics, broken glass, scrap metal etc. Use materials like broken block or brick, plaster concrete pieces etc. in other application at the construction. For ex. levelling, cavity under coat of paths where the passage not required of heavy moving loads. Big pieces and unused parts can be sent to lower areas to fill them. Soft materials might be used as can be used as cover material over sanitary landfill, like sand, dust etc. RECYCLING There are some materials can be directly recycled onsite into new construction or offsite at a construction and demolition processor. Typical materials recycled from construction sites contain metal, timber, asphalt, pavement, and concrete pieces, roof materials, corrugated cardboard and wallboard. Most of the construction wastages throw out to landfill. There are many opportunities for the construction companies to reduce that in order to extend the life period of landfill sites, decrease transportation requirements and reduce the primary resource requirements. DISPOSAL Landfilling is the main method of disposal of all solid wastes including the construction waste materials in most of countries. Landfilling is not capital intensive and does not require skilled labour unlike compositing or incineration. MATERIALS CAN BE RECYCLING Recycling of construction materials has been recommended from many researchers in their studies and companies work in that field but the factual administering of construction and demolition waste recycling is limited to a few types of solid wastes. According to (Mindess et al., 2003): who thought that economy, compatibility with other materials and material properties should be taken into account when considering recycle materials. He justified that recycling can be only useful when the recycled product is economical compared to the natural resource in cost and quality. He added recycled materials will be preferable in areas where less raw materials and land filling sites exists. It investigates the technology on construction waste recycling and their viability. In addition, (Mindess, 2003) has been mentioned to materials recycling practice had been studies such as concrete, plastic, brick, ferrous and non-ferrous metal, masonry, glass and timber. CONCRETE In fact, concrete is the most materials being wasted during construction and demolition. According to (Emily, 2010), manufacturers produce more the 25 billion tonnes of concrete per year. Large quantities of concrete waste during tear down/building new construction therefore concrete need to recycle. It is an easy way to recycle concrete. The most important thing is to sort concrete and remove the steel rebar then after sorting concrete go through out crush machine to grind them forming very small pieces as sand or aggregates. Crushing can be made on site to reuse at the same time. BRICK Bricks wastage coming from construction site might be polluted with mortar, rendering and plaster, and usually they being blinded with another materials such as wood and concrete. But there are difficulties being faced in the separation of bricks which usually need to be separated and sorting by hand. There are small percentage around 10 to 15% of bricks from damaged buildings are facing bricks, therefore they need manpower and it might be expensive to sort and clean bricks. Therefore contaminated bricks are not economical to be used because that will be more costing than natural bricks. In 2004, Japanese building site had been burning the destroyed bricks into slime burnt ash. And, in recent year, bricks are commonly be crushed to form filling materials and hardcore in Hong Kong. STEEL Preferably, it is better to reuse steel wastage directly on site. If the direct usage is not possible, then it can be fuse to manufacture new steel. According to (Coventry, 1999) there is more than 80% of the steel wastage coming from construction fields being recycled into new materials in the Netherlands, despite the fact that almost 100% may be claimed to be recyclable. Steel organization reports that roughly 100% steel reinforcement is made from recycled scrap and 25% steel sections are made from recycled scrap. Scrap steel is almost completely recycled and allowed repeated recycling. Also in Japan, they recycles construction steel such as steel reinforcement and rebar due to fabricated steel or cut to resize off-site with the cutting waste, 100% of steel waste might be recycled to keep away from wastage at construction site. GLASS According to (Coventry, 1999), in UK, 425,000 tonnes of glass has been recycled. However, the recycling rate is fairly low in Hong Kong 1% comparing with countries such as USA, Japan and Germany which their rates are 20, 78 and 85%, respectively. Glass can be reused in the construction industry for a number of applications: (i) Window: (Coventry, 1999) thought that window glass might be reusing on construction that will be depend on how they deal with glass handling, storage, transportation from/to construction site, and the quality. (ii) Glass fibre: for material properties improvement, glass can be recycled in the manufacture of glass fibre using long easy process starting from collecting the waste to recycle pin then transported to treatment plant, the glass then should be sorted according to its colour and type and washed to clean it from any impurities after that glass crushed and melted then moulded into new product. Glass can be used in thermal and acoustic insulations, which can be mixed with strengthen cement, gypsum or resin products. (iii) Filling material: they had practiced recycling for glass in UK as a fine material for cement replacement called ConGlassCrete that support the strength of concrete. (iv) Tile: in US 100% replacement of recycled glass that gives good-looking reflective appearance on the exterior after burnishing. (v) Paving block: in United State they created aggregate from recycled glass by crushing. Also in Hong Kong, they are developing this recycling technology, which can produce advantages such as promote good-looking reflective appearance on the exterior after burnishing, minimize water absorption of concrete block and provide good compressive strength. However, the problems on instability, sharpness of aggregate and alkali-silica reaction expansion need to be resolved. By adopting pulverized fly ash for depressant in alkali-silica reaction and reduce the impurities are necessary in improving the quality of paving block adopting recycled glass aggregate. (vi) Asphalt in road: 15% of old glass had been recycled forming asphalt in Taiwan. Furthermore glass needed to grind to very soft materials replacing asphalt (vii) Aggregate in road: also in US material called glassphalt has been made from crushed glass and used as an aggregate in bituminous concrete pavement. (viii) Man-made soil: Japan practices adopted waste glass as ultra-fine particles at high temperature. MASONRY Masonry waste usually crushing as recycled to become masonry aggregate. So after grinding till become masonry aggregate will be such thermal insulating for concrete. it can also help concrete to be more strength with comfortable thermal insulation, masonry waste can be used after recycled for traditional clay bricks (i) Crushing recycle masonry aggregate till be as ash then will be replacement for clay in brick including sand sodium silicate brick. (ii) Using masonry aggregate in traditional clay brick in this case it prefers to avoid any contain of any element that will prevent effects on durability and strength of clay brick. (iii) In case of sing masonry in sodium silicate brick it might contains some of elements like lime but have to be under pressure of 15 bars to create sodium silicate bricks. NON-FERROUS METAL The major non-ferrous metal materials gathered from construction sites are aluminium, copper, lead and zinc (Coventry, 1999). Furthermore after separations and sorting of those materials, they can be sold directly to the scrap metal traders for recycling or directly to end-user by melting. In UK, the usage of aluminium is up to 95,000 tonnes with about 70% recycled in 1997,recycling of copper is up to 119,000 tonnes out of a national market of 262,000 tonnes used (100% recycling rate can be achieved). While paper and cardboard form approximately 37% of construction wastes by volume (EPD, 2002). Recycling companies usually reprocess them as paper product by purification. PLASTIC In fact, it is very hard to recycle plastics wastages if they are blended with other plastic or impure materials but according to (Hendriks and Pietersen, 2000) great possibility to reuse materials such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS) and Polyvinylchloride (PVC) especially if they being gathered properly segregate and spotless. Because of the damages in some of the characteristic of the old plastic the possibilities of high level recycle will be definitely restricted. Virgin material should include in recycling. The recycled materials are utilized for the manufacturing of new plastic includes 70% recycled material; 30% virgin material is utilized for securing sufficient ultra violet (UV) resistance in the Netherlands. Furthermore it might be probable to develop this substitute ratio up to 80 or 90% in the coming years. According to (Coventry, 1999) there are many major chances to address when considering the recycling of plastic such as:- (i) Panel: in 1992 roofing panels have been started due to the recycling of diaphanous PVC. Because of the impurity and the consolidation, the recycling materials have less quality than new roofing component, so that should be applied for only the inferior face. This panel must be transformed to powder using cryogenic milling. Then powder should mingle with plasticizers and also mix up with other materials to produce new panel. (ii) Plastic might be street furniture, roof and floor, piling, PVC window, noise barrier, cable ducting and pipe, cladding and insulation foam through recycling and redesign for usage. (iii) there are new methods has been developed to allow construction materials to be with time infused with recycled plastic ingredient in order to increase strength, durability and impact resistance, and improve appearance. TIMBER The wastage of wood from building site operations is generated in huge amount all over the world. According to (Coventry, 1999) he mentioned to that the wastage of timber generated in UK is more than 2.5 tonnes per year. For sure, wastage of wood has possibilities to be recycled after collection for some purpose such as: (i) Timber wastage coming from building activity might be utilized directly for reusing in any applications in construction projects but before reusing need to clean the from nails and resize the them to the proper way. Furthermore unspoiled timber should be reused as board, beams, doors, floorboard, roof beam, balcony ramparts, partitions, and pile. In Japan they already developed wood waste into new technology turning them to furniture, shoring wooden pile for relocate pine trees, wood bench and timber stair. (ii) A special lightweight concrete might be formed from aggregate made from recycled small wooden pieces. (iii) According to (Hendriks and Pietersen, 2000) in Japan wood waste might be recycled as energy sources, for Ex. fuel, charcoal for power generation. Also there are more than 400,000 tonnes of wood from building activities are produced in Netherland. (iv) wood pieces wastage throwing from building activities might be recycled and reused as new building materials as partitions, board for roof, ceiling and floor, cladding in agricultural building, advertisement panels, a packaging substitute, wall and sound barrier. (v) Paper, In Japan, they recycled timber producing board and mulching. Besides that wastage of wood might be mixed with topsoil to improve soil texture and coated with plastic to produce material called plastic lumber. (vi) Clipped timber is recycled by spraying them onto sloped soil surface in Japan, which is called geofibre. (vii) Timber waste can be recycled to create insulation board, kitchen tool and furniture from the chipped timber under pressure at around 180 Ã ¢-Â ¦C for 40 min with

Heroes and Heroines :: Fiction Comics Papers

Heroes and Heroines "Who the heck are you?" Victor Frankenstein cried. "What the heck are you?" "I am the wretch created by your beloved Elizabeth," cried the vaguely female wretch. "Elizabeth has passed the limits of the human realm and in her feverish pursuit of the essential knowledge of the world she has spawned the being that you now see before you!" "And what do you want from me, you frightening monstrosity whom my innocent and sheltered eyes should never have been made to look upon?" The wretch snickered. "I am a monstrous version of Elizabeth, her child, brought forth by her own hand. She has forsaken me, cast me aside and thus made me miserable! Therefore I have vowed to destroy everything she loves, even sweet and mild Victor, just as she destroyed all happiness for me. Rrrrr!" "Oh, help me! Help me!" Victor Frankenstein cried. "Oh! Oh!" Now wait just one second. Very funny, but that's not how the story goes. For one thing, Victor Frankenstein does not squeal like a-girl? Victor Frankenstein created the monster. Victor Frankenstein was the ambitious one who took his experiments too far. A monstrous version of Victor destroyed everything he loved. Elizabeth was sweet and mild. Elizabeth was the innocent who died because of Victor's work gone wrong. Frankenstein would have been a remarkable book if Elizabeth had taken on Victor's part, if Victor had taken on Elizabeth's part, and if the wretch had been female. Imagine Victor staying at home and being the best example of the sweetest nature anyone ever did see. Imagine Elizabeth storming acros the icy mountains after the wretch, and imagine the wretch demanding a husband to be a boon to her, sweet and supportive company when she became tired of the world. Switching the gender roles in such a way would be comical because that's not the way it's done. When we read about, watch, or listen to our fictional heroes and heroines, we expect certain behaviors from them. We have a set of rules by which we define male and female characters, and characters that don't adhere to the general rules are anomalies and misfits.

Importance of Parental Involvement on the Academic Performance of Grade V-VI Pupils

Parent involvement is absolutely essential to student achievement in school and in life. The overwhelming studies and research indicate that there are positive academic outcomes stemming from parental involvement with benefits beginning in early childhood throughout adolescence and beyond (Henderson & Mapp, 2002; Patrikakou, Weisberg, Redding, & Walberg, 2005).The impact that parents can have on their child's learning and achievement transcends income levels and social status. â€Å"In fact, the most accurate predictor of a student's achievement in school is not income or social status, but the extent to which that student's family is able to: 1. Create a home environment that encourages learning; 2. Express high (but not unrealistic) expectations for their children's achievement and future careers; 3. Become involved in their children's education at school and in the community.† If two of these three criteria are accomplished, children of low income families will achieve at o r above the levels expected of middle class children.Parental involvement does not only mean that it leads to higher academic achievement, but to better attendance and improved behavior at home and school as well. When school and home, work together collaboratively, and using a competent approach to education, it can make a huge difference in student achievement. Students value their education when they see the interest shown by their parents. When children achieve, everyone benefit.As children excel, the school is recognized, the teachers are recognized and the parents and other family members of those children are encouraged to extend their knowledge by going back to school. The purpose of this study is to reveal how important is parental involvement on the academic the performance of Grade V-VI pupils at school. This aims to show the readers that parents can be a great supporter and a big help for their children to become inspired to study harder.

AP Environmental Unit 5 Study Guide Essay

AP Environmental Unit 5 Study Guide Essay AP Environmental Unit 5 Study Guide Essay Study Guide Unit 5 chapters 10, 11, & 12 Chapter 10 Where were the gray wolves reintroduced? / Who supported the reintroduction? 1. Yellowstone National Park ecosystem The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) supported the reintroduction including the United States Congress. Ecological services of the forest 1. Support energy flow and chemical cycling 2. Reduce soil erosion 3. Absorb and release water 4. Purify water and air 5. Influence local and regional climate 6. Store atmospheric carbon 7. Provide numerous wildlife habitats Economic services of the forest 1. Fuel wood 2. Lumber 3. Pulp to make paper 4. Mining 5. Livestock grazing 6. Recreation 7. Jobs Most common use of trees worldwide 1. Fuel wood Types of forests / Types of tree harvesting / Effects of each 1. Three major types based on their age and structure: a. Old-growth forest: 22% An uncut or regenerated forest that has not been seriously disturbed by human activities or natural disasters for at least several hundred years. b. Second-growth forest: 63% A stand of trees resulting from natural secondary ecological succession. c. Tree plantation (Tree farm): 5% Site planted with one or only a few tree species in an even-aged stand. 2. Three types of tree harvesting: a. Selective cutting Cutting of intermediate-aged, mature, or diseased trees in an uneven-aged forest stand, either singly or in small groups. b. Clear-cutting Removal of all trees in that area c. Strip cutting Involves clear-cutting a strip of trees along the contour of the land, with the corridor narrow enough to allow natural regeneration within a few years. What is Certified Sustainably Grown Timber ensure? 1. Ensure that cutting has not exceeded long-term forest regeneration Types and effects of forest fires 1. Three types of fires a. Surface fires Usually burn undergrowth and leaf litter on the forest floor. Burn away flammable ground material and help prevent more destructive fires. Also release valuable mineral nutrients, release seeds from the cones of lodge pole pines, stimulate the germination of certain tree seed, and help control pathogens and insects. b. Crown fires May start on the ground but eventually burn whole trees and leap form treetop to treetop. c. Ground fires Go underground and burn partially decayed leaves or peat and are common in northern pear bogs. What does the burning of forests produce? 1. Burn away flammable ground material and help prevent more destructive fires. 2. Also release valuable mineral nutrients, release seeds from the cones of lodge pole pines, stimulate the germination of certain tree seed, and help control pathogens and insects What happens after the burning of tropical rainforests in the Amazon? 1. Accounts for 3/4th of Brazil’s greenhouse gas emission What is the most widely used method for sustainable management of rangeland? / What is rangeland? 1. The most widely used method is to control the number of grazing animals and the duration of their grazing in a given area so the carrying capacity of the area is not exceeded. 2. Rangeland - Unfenced grasslands in temperate and tropical climates that supply forage or vegetation for grazing and browsing animals. How many national parks worldwide? 1. More than 1,100 national parks larger than 4 square mile. What is the biggest problem facing U.S. national parks today? 1. The biggest problem facing United States national parks today is popularity. What % of Earth’s wilderness areas are strictly protected? 1. 12% of the earth’s land area is strictly protected. What % of Earth’s land should be protected in order to preserve biodiversity? 1. Conservation biologists call for a full protection of at least 20% of the earth’s land area to preserve biodiversity. Buffer zone concept to preserving land (fig. 10-25) Each reserve contains a protected inner core surrounded by two buffer zones that local

Muslim Contributions essays

Muslim Contributions essays Its a sad but true fact that we as Americans, tend to overlook the accomplishments of other cultures. Throughout the Muslim Golden Age, which flourished from the 9th 12th centuries, many brilliant Muslims made spectacular contributions that still impact society today. Ibn Rushd, al-Razi, and al-Khawarizmi deserve to be recognized for their extraordinary contributions in a variety of fields. All three Muslim figures have written novels that elaborate on the fields that they have studied. Ibn Rushd, who is more commonly known as Averroes in The United States and Europe, made important contributions in both medicine and philosophy. One of his more widely acclaimed books on medicine is Kitab al-Kulyat fi al-Tibb .The novel covers topics such as diagnosis, cures, and preventions of diseases. Rushd also made several philosophical contributions, his most important one was a book he wrote Tuhafut al-Tuhafut. The main purpose for writing this novel was to respond to another philosopher al-Ghazali. Although this book was greatly criticized by Muslims, in Europe it received a great deal of attention and made a huge impact on European countries. Al-Razis greatest contributions were also in the field of medicine and in philosophy. One of al-Razis most famous books on medicine was Kitab al-Mansoori, which consisted of ten volumes about Greco-Arab medicine. Another one of his works, Al-Hawi was the largest medical encyclopedia in that period. It had all available information possible on each medical subject along with his opinions and experiences involving that subject. Al-Razi also created a philosophical system consisting of five basic elements: spirit, matter, time, space, and the creator. He described each element in full detail and his views on space and time were much-admired. Al-Khawarizmi was well-known for his mathematical contributions. He is believed to be one of the worlds greatest mathematicia ...

Education Sector Best Practices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Education Sector Best Practices - Essay Example Curriculum entails more than an ordinary definition; it is a key issue in the process of education. The scope of career development is so large that it affects every person involved in learning and teaching. Inclusive education practices entail  making the students feel welcomed and valued in the school, and therefore the students are effectively able to undertake all school activities entail rams. Diversity is accepted and respected; students’ different cultures, backgrounds, skills interests and needs; are taken into consideration in school practices and programs. To achieve thi9s end, there exists inclusive practices tools like; student survey, community survey, staff survey, school review profile, inclusive practices and survey reports. Inclusive practices tools are applied in supporting primary, intermediate or schools in engaging in the review process. The main purpose of the review process entails supporting schools in the journey towards developing and implementing inclusive processes for learners, including learners requiring special attention and consideration. Continuous personal development entails; learning by participating in the continuing professional development process; and from the experience and even the feedback. Competent professionals; look for opportunities and challenges in personal learning and development; identify mistakes and use them for learning opportunities; continuously participate in professional development programs; change behavior towards the positive through feedback and reflection. (Booth, 2011 15).Opportunities for learning and development include, pursuing management development training program.

Social Media Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Social Media - Assignment Example k is convenient and easy to get started with on your own procedures since it involves active participation in your Facebook page and promoting marketing developments in the page that is visible to other people who use Facebook website. Today, the social network has over 400 million members. Therefore, in social media marketing, Facebook becomes incredibly beneficial in promoting products across the globe through the use of social media (Evans, 2010.p 15). The procedures of using Facebook include registering a business page and keeping personal photos and information in isolation. Additionally, filling out the aspects of business profile, especially email and website address (Tuten & Solomon, 2013). This makes it simpler for other people and customers to find a company off of Facebook and still transact business activities. Besides, in the Facebook page, one can advertise specials and offer coupon codes to fans. Facebook advertising is fairly priced and gives an opportunity to market audiences by age, location and gender. The keywords in their profiles and other items can be found in the Facebook page to market more audiences and products. In this paper, Facebook has been discussed as the major social media outlet with components of a legally astute Facebook marketing manager, methods of alternative dispute resolution, consumer transactions on Facebook, branches of government, agency relationship and finally, media providers and business that utilize social network site for advertising (Funk, 2013.p 19) Four components exists as a legally astute manager (1) setting value laden attitudes based on the importance of law to firm success (2) proactive tactic to ruling (3) ability to exercise informed judgment when managing legal aspects of business and finally (4) the context of specific knowledge of law and appropriate use of legal tools (The Role Of the Media, 2004). A good manager needs to set overloaded attitudes towards obedience of laws that govern the firm for

Critical review for academic article Literature

Critical for academic article - Literature review Example The article explains that the term â€Å"affective† is utilized in order to refer to emotions, feelings that are provoked among students towards science in general or specifically. This report is presented from several studies conducted in twenty-five different case studies, which utilized a condensed fieldwork strategy in which collection of data was through discussions recorded on audio tapes, interviews as well as notes on field observations. Moreover, there were samples of practical lessons, which were conducted in English comprehensive schools. In fact, this study was conducted in phases, whereby during stage three and four, the research focused on students between the age of 11-14 and 15-16.This report presents findings from the research based on practical work. The findings indicate that practical work for students offers short-term engagements, which is comparatively unproductive in the process of motivating students to study science post compulsory education or for in dividual interest, which is long-term. This academic article presents ideas, which indicates that people directly involved in science education are expected to establish a realistic understanding of shortcomings of practical work in the affective domain especially in post compulsory stages of education. Therefore, in my perspective, this article provides necessary ideas, which are gathered to suggest that practical work is a motivator in primary level school science as against in secondary and post secondary stages of education. This research article presents substantial illustrations focused on lack of precision on the use of crucial terms, while discussing affective value of practical work in relation to the attitude towards science. On the other hand, the research focuses on avoidance of overlap of terminologies, whereby there is ample clarification of terms such as motivation and personal interest. Besides, the report aims at finding out whether pupils are motivated by practical work in learning science. Moreover, the researchers focused on presenting their meaning on psychological sense, while considering the chance of these terms being operational. Methodology: The research presented in this academic article applied a methodology approach that focused on collection of data through observation and tape-recorded interviews, which were undertaken through collaboration with teachers prior to and after lessons. On the other hand, the researchers utilized pre-lesson interviews focused at accounting for practical work, which was observed and its relation to teachers’ perceptions towards achievement of learning objectives. There were collections of teachers’ reflections based on the moment after the lesson interview, which focused on identifying achievement of learning objectives. This focused on their perception towards a teacher’s affective value of practical work in learning. The researchers utilized conversations among groups of pupils d uring and after lessons and they were recorded. Besides, these conversations offered a chance for gathering ideas regarding students’

The set time of 10 seconds Essay Example for Free

The set time of 10 seconds Essay The data will be recorded by measuring the distance travelled by the first oxygen bubble after the set time of 10 seconds. There is a set time of 10 seconds because after this time of activity, the enzyme Catalase begins to degrade and therefore the rate of reaction becomes slower. The table will be set up in the following way: Test Number Concentration / % Distance Travelled / cm   Average 20 Volume must be kept the same of the overall solution otherwise different scaled will be presented i. e. more substrate than usual: the bubble will go further; the result is not reliable and cannot be used. Safety Precautions: H2O2 at 20 volume (100% for this experiment) is a significant irritant, if it contacts the eyes it could cause itching and could lead to eye damage, therefore goggles must be worn during all handlings of H2O2. Care must also be taken with the H2O as it can come out of the end of the glass tube. This could get onto the floor and cause slipperiness, so care must be taken and the end of the tube must be sat on something absorbent. Equipment must also be rinsed thoroughly, as someone could unknowingly pick up a beaker covered with H2O2. Rinsing out excess substrate and enzyme could also increase the validity/reliability of the results. Suggested Data Analysis: The type of graph used will be a scatter graph with axes labelled as follows: Results may be analysed by looking at mean, mode and median to look for trends in the graph, for example, looking to see if as the concentration doubles, the distance travelled does the same. A scatter graph was chosen, as a trend line can be added, which can help identify anomalous results. Modifications: During the first run of the experiment, it was noticed that the Catalase was not running as quickly at 100% (20 volume) as it did in the trial runs (on a previous day). Therefore, running the experiment by measuring the distance travelled in a set time of 10 seconds became unpractical, as the distances travelled in this time were too small. So, a new set time of one minute was added before this limitation presented a problem. Results: Test Number Concentration / % Distance Travelled / cm Average. The results were collected in the order suggested in the plan (100% descending to 20%, then 20% ascending to 100%) to eliminate the affects of room temperature change when an average was taken. As two results were taken for each concentration an average was calculated for the distance travelled, this will be analysed. Data Analysis: From the graphs it is possible to see the trend that, as predicted, as the concentration of substrate increases, the rate of reaction increases. The gradient for the graph of the first run of results is: 0. 189 The gradient for the graph of the second run is: 0. 198 The gradient of the graph showing the average distance is: 0. 192 This shows a close similarity between the results. It was expected that as the concentration double, the rate of reaction would double also. On the graph showing the averaged results, this is approximately true for the double of 20% to 40%, but as show by the exponential trend line, as the concentration increases, the rate of reaction escalates. When 40% is doubled to 80% there is a 257. 14% increase. When the trend line approximation for 50% is double to 100% there is an approximate increase of 271. 20%. This shows that as the concentration of substrate is increased, there is more likeliness that the H2O2 will contact a Catalase enzyme because there are molecules of H2O2 to collide, so they are moving at greater rates, so the rate of reaction escalates with the concentration of substrate. Evaluation: The equipment used had high limitations, which could have affected the results. Firstly, when the mixture is made in the syringe, the reaction begins and water and oxygen are produced immediately, due to the syringe being difficult to attach to the glass tube, oxygen was lost in the process of attaching the syringe. This was unavoidable because the rubber connector had to be tight to prevent further gas loss. Repeats were important here so that excess gas loss could be identified. An anomaly that relates to this limitation is in the 40% concentration test in the second run. It is possible that it may have taken longer here to attach the syringe. Due to uncontrollable gas escape the bubble would have gone less far if it took longer to attach the syringe and further if it took less time. In most cases the values for the first run and the second run do not vary by more than 0. 2 around the average, so there is an uncertainty value on the distance travelled of ? 0. 2cm, as shown by the error bars in the graph to show average. As all measurements were made by the guide on the syringe, there could have been an effect on the concentrations, if the syringe was not marked accurately there would be an inaccuracy in concentrations, therefore there is an uncertainty value of ? 0. 1cm^3. This is shown as a horizontal error bar on the graph to show average. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Patterns of Behaviour section.